holistic health care birmingham al
The role of histamine in mental illness and its attenuation by vitamin C – Part I
Thesis submitted in fulfillment obtain the degree of Doctor Philosophy
Clayton College of Natural Health
Birmingham, Alabama, 2005
Abstract
The prevalence of mental illness in the United States is increasingly recognized as an epidemic. There are a number of conventional methods for treating mental illnesses, including psychotherapy and pharmaceutical drugs. However, these two treatments have limitations, and pharmaceutical drugs can have many dangerous side effects. Natural therapies are far fewer side effects than conventional medicines, although they have traditionally been used to treat certain mental illnesses. Vitamin C is nontoxic and easily tolerated and, in theory, help the vast majority of mental illness. Vitamin C is a mild stimulant and an antihistamine properties powerful. Histamine levels are associated with high levels of anxiety and depression, and high levels of histamine were significantly reduced with massive doses vitamin C. Furthermore, Vitamin C has been acting as an antidepressant both sweet and anxiolytics. Your property is mild stimulant due to the improvement of adenosine monophosphate cyclic (cAMP) through inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzyme that degrades cAMP. Vitamin C is also involved in the production of the hormone norepinephrine, the need for mental health.
Vitamin C is known to be an essential nutrient for proper brain function. In addition to maintaining the levels of histamine in check, vitamin C also modulates dopamine levels, dopamine levels are associated with high psychosis. Vitamin C also increases the levels oxytocin, which is involved in pleasure and wellness. Vitamin C protects against neuronal damage, usually through their antioxidant properties. Vitamin C inhibits release of cortisol, a stress hormone, chronically high levels associated with depression. High blood levels of vitamin C are associated with a reduction significant mortality. There is no reliable test for vitamin C, which causes mutations in DNA, rebound scurvy, iron overload, vitamin B-12 deficiency, or Uric acid accumulation. The vast majority of animals synthesize their own vitamin C, and animals weighing the equivalent of a product of man about a dozen grams of vitamin C. This fact adds weight to the theory that human beings should megadoses of vitamin C, especially if they have a mental illness.
Table Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to the problem or issue ………………………………….. …… 2
The problem or issue statement …………………………………….. …………………….. 2
Background and History ……………………………………….. …………………………………… 5
The research questions ………………………………………. . . ……………………………………….. 8
Assumption …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. …………. 9
The importance of the study ……………………………………. .. …………………………….. 9
Definition of Terms ……………………………………….. ………………………………………….. .9
Summary …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. ………….. 12
Chapter 2: Literature Review and Related Research ………………………….. 14
Introduction …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. ………. 14
Literature Review ………………………………………. .. ………………………………………….. .29
Summary …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. ………….. 41
Chapter 4: Results and Conclusions …………………………………….. ……………………… 45
Introduction …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. ………. 45
Findings …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. …………… 45
Summary …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. …………. 48
Conclusions Chapter 5:, Implications
and recommendations for future research …………………………………… … … 52
Conclusions and implications ……………………………………….. ………………………. 52
Recommendations for future research ……………………………………. … ………. 55
Summary …………………………………………. ………………………………………….. …………. 58
References cited ………………………………………… ………………………………………….. 61
List of tables illustrations and other graphics
Abbreviations and Definitions ……………………………………….. ……………………….. 10
Chapter 1: Introduction to the problem or issue
Statement of problem or question:
The objective general of this thesis is to determine whether high intakes of vitamin C alone can help resolve mental disease in general, especially in atopic (allergic) people. Mental illness is a major problem in today's society, and a growing number of evidence indicates that nutrition therapy partially or completely resolved in May this trouble. Many nutrients affect both mental health immune system and is well known that the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system are intimately linked. The immune system plays a role in regulating eating behavior, sleep, body temperature and brain activity (Steinman, 2004). As shall see later, histamine participates in all activities.
A group of peptide hormones called interleukins are excellent examples of systems CNS / immune system interactions. For example, when the immune system "hormone IL-2 administered to normal people, which produces symptoms similar to schizophrenia "(Heleniak & O 'DESKY, 1999, p.40). Release of the immune hormone interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) can lead to depression, feelings learned helplessness, and pain-related behavior (Hurwitz & Morgenstern, 2001). Interleukins are a subclass of immune hormones called cytokines. The cytokines can act to create a loss of appetite, malaise, increased sleep, drowsiness and fatigue (Martin, 1997). A group of cytokines known as interferons (IFN) are often given the severe viral infections or cancer. IFN is associated with depression, insomnia, delirium, and even suicide (McDonald, Thomas Mann, and Thomas, 1987). Furthermore, several studies have found that normal white blood cell response to growth factors is altered in depression, as is natural (NK murderer) Cell activity (Kagaya & Yamawaki, 1998).
To understand the links between mental health and the immune system, a brief explanation of the hormones is necessary. There are three main types of hormones: steroid hormones derived from cholesterol, peptide hormones derived from protein synthesis and amino acids derived hormones. The seven main amino acids derived hormones are serotonin, norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline) of adrenaline (also called adrenaline), dopamine, acetylcholine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and histamine. The last seven amino acids derived hormones, histamine, will be the main objective of this thesis. The reason is that histamine is unique among hormones derived from amino acids, which plays a leading role in your state mental and immunological status. Adrenaline and noradrenaline play some roles in immune function, but unlike histamine, its functions are generally positive in subjects normal. However, depressed people tend to have higher levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol, the steroid hormone (Martin, 1997). This phenomenon is described in detail later. The other four amino acids derived hormones play a minor role in his case, the immune status.
Histamine has multiple effects on the body, ranging from mild to fatal. These effects are described in detail in this thesis. The complex effects of histamine is due to both its positive effects and negative, depending on cell type that released. As mentioned above, both histamine is a neurotransmitter and an immune modulator. Cells that release neurotransmitters histamine are called neurons, modulation of immune system cells that release histamine cells are mainly mast, although some other Also cell types store histamine Immunity. Both neurotransmitters histamine and histamine from mast cells in the brain. Neurotransmitter histamine Date Release can be both positive and negative traits, whereas histamine release from mast cells is generally negative (morbid / functions) mortal.
We found that in rat brain, histamine release from mast cells during stress (Arrigo-Reina and Chiechi, 1998). May brain histamine release plays a role both in physical dependence and tolerance to morphine (Glick and Crane, 1978). Further evidence of this phenomenon is provided by a combination antihistamine / treatment opioids as a substitute for heroin (Galos et al., 2001). Another interesting finding is that neurotransmitter histamine tends to decrease with age, whereas the histamine mast cells of the brain tends to increase with age (Fernandez-Novoa and Cacabelos, 2001). Histamine levels in normal physiological roles useful, but high levels of histamine are considered pathological conditions (Subramanian, Nandi Majumdar and Chatterjee, 1974). Excessive levels of histamine in blood may increase The overall mortality rate of 24% (Johnston, 1996).
High levels of brain reward related behavior inhibits histamine (Galos et al. 2001). This lack of motivation can lead to apathy and depression. Another of the many functions of the brain, histamine is the modulation of memory. Local government of histamine in animals with enhanced fear memory of the forebrain (Blandina et al., 2004). However, histamine can both facilitate and inhibit memory (Blandina et al., 2004). Specifically, histamine in general, improves short-term memory (Prast, Argyriou & Philippu, 1996), while altering the long-term memory. Interestingly, histamine has facilitated the recovery of memory in old rats (Kamei and Tasaka, 1993).
It is well known that histamine is involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions (Haas, 1992). A detailed explanation of this effect is the introduction to Chapter 2. Not enough evidence to suggest a link between mental illness and allergies. "Studies of patients with depression and chronic fatigue was found that up to 70 percent had compared allergies — 2 percent of healthy controls (Firshein, 1996, p. 160). Another study found that "85% of depressed patients with allergies (Ossofsky, 1976, p.335). Histamine can cause depression behavior, and this can be reversed by the effects of antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants (Arrigo-Reina & Chiechi, 1998). Tricyclic antidepressants have many other actions in neurotransmission as well.
It is well known that allergies and asthma are closely linked. A major study has found that children with severe asthma have more behavior problems (Bussing, Halforn Benjamin Wells 1995). Children with early-onset asthma before the age of four years, tend to be afraid, insomnia and depressed mood (Mrazek, Schuman, and Klinnert, 1998). By contrast, stressors can trigger asthma (Kilpeläinen, Koskenvuo, Helenius, and Terho, 2002) creating a vicious circle. Interestingly, the behavior problems tend precede asthma in children (Stevenson et al. 2003). The link between allergies and asthma and behavior problems can begin as young as three (Calam et al., 2003).
Context and background:
The implementation of nutritional therapies for mental illness started in the second half 20th century, with Drs. Abram Hoffer and Carl Pfeiffer. They recognized that blood histamine levels were low in the order of 50% of patients with schizophrenia, and subsequently developed nutritional therapies for them (Petrie and Ban, 1985). However, many schizophrenics have increased levels of histamine. Standard orthomolecular therapy for high levels of histamine is calcium, magnesium, zinc and methionine. We have known for some time that vitamin C detoxifies excess histamine imidazole group rupture (Subramanian, 1977). Unfortunately, vitamin C is not one of the main treatments for high levels of histamine, and the recommended therapeutic dose is relatively lower in 2000 mg / day. In fact, low levels of histamine were treated with higher doses of vitamin C (Edelman, 1998).
Actions of histamine have been studied in humans and animals. Histamine injected into the brains of animals has caused a variety of disorders, including irritability, teeth chattering, grooming, the tremors of the face, chewing, shaking his head, yawned, twisted, salivation (Glick and Crane, 1978). As mentioned in the previous section, antidepressants tricyclics have been used in the past to reverse the depression induced by histamine, by through its common stock antihistamine. The classic antihistamines are known to reduce anxiety in this "receptor antagonist H1 receptor antagonists and H3 decreased state of anxiety" (Ito, 2000, p.263). Furthermore, tricyclic antidepressants anxiety lowest in May (more tricylics have a strong antihistamine).
Unfortunately, tricyclics have a plethora of side effects some of which are fatal (Wilson, Shannon and Stang, 2000). Tricyclic antidepressants can be classified informally under the "first generation antihistamines that cross the blood-brain barrier. Side effects of these first-generation antihistamines mouth are dry, drowsiness, agitation, and somnolence (Edelman, 1997). One of the best known side effects of first generation antihistamines is gain (weight Tuomisto, 1994). Chronic use of first-generation antihistamines can cause memory loss (Mark & Mark, 1989). Other antihistamines first-generation tricyclics also is also used to treat mental illness, particularly anxiety disorders.
The antihistamine most used in the past for anxiety Hydroxyzine (Atarax), somnolence was the most common side effect (Lader and Scotto, 1998). Over-the-counter antihistamines first generation have been diverted for various reasons, including hallucinations, anxiety-lowering effects and / or euphoric feelings (Halpert, Olmstead, and Beninger, 2002). Antihistamine diphenhydramine (Nytol, Benadryl) was treated by pre-teens (Dinndorf, McCabe & Frierdich, 1998).
Because earlier problems with most antihistamines, drug companies have tried to develop new-generation antihistamines that cross non-brain barrier, and therefore would probably have no side effects central nervous system of the brain. In late 1980 the first prototype of Second-generation antihistamines have been synthesized. Since the structure of second-generation antihistamines more absorbent than the old antihistamines, second-generation antihistamines do not cross the blood-brain barrier of fat to a significant extent, and therefore did not cause sedation in most people. They do not share the anticholinergic effects, older antihistamines, which can cause dry mouth and thickening of mucous secretions (Wray, 1998; Fried, 1999).
Even second-generation antihistamines have their share of side effects, including: sleepiness palpitations, sedation, headache, depression, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, vomiting, blurred vision and rash (Wilson, Shannon and Stang, 2000). Antihistamines may also produce second generation of altered brain activity that can approach seizures (Fernandez-Novoa and Cacabelos, 2001). The second generation antihistamine fexofenadine (Allegra) may cause life-threatening arrhythmias and fibrillation, and "has been withdrawn several countries "(Taglialatela, Timmerman, and Annunziato, 2000, p.53). The second-generation antihistamines cetirizine (Zyrtec) and loratadine (Claritin) are all both been shown to cause memory loss (Nishiga, Fujii, Konishi, Hoss, and Chiaki, 2003). First and second generation antihistamines can cause seizures (Taglialatela, Timmerman, and Annunziato, 2000).
Search Questions:
Important Note The gap up at the beginning of section Background and History (with vitamin C in the treatment of histamine at low levels) may be only for the treatment of schizophrenia, but unfortunately the research history has shown that no other form of mental illness has received attention Nutritional schizophrenia did. Contemporary research has studied the vitamin C of a relatively theoretical, and found that vitamin C affects many aspects of behavior and mental health. The objective of this thesis suggest several applications of vitamin C in improving various mental health problems based on both new information and a reassessment of historical research.
Hypothesis:
High doses of vitamin C can reduce or reverse most mental illnesses, especially when anti-allergy related.
Importance Studio:
Mental health treatment with drugs can be dangerous for the patient. More than half of medicinal ingredient of the prescription to treat anxiety and depression have potentially fatal side effects (Jensen, 2002). Antihistamines pharmaceuticals have many side effects, some of which are described in the background and history Chapter 1. This is a major accomplishment Most, if one or more nutrients have been safely and successfully to help the most forms of mental illness, and if this information is accepted by health care consumers. The potential impacts of this study include the use of vitamin C as an adjunct to other nutrients or only as a holistic therapy of various mental illnesses. The potential benefits of using vitamin C could reduce over significant morbidity and mortality among users of prescription drugs, and perhaps even a resolution of mental symptoms.
Definition of terms:
The variables in this study include the various forms of mental illness, but this study will seek to adopt an approach holistic treatment of mental illness, and only if you mention the specific diagnoses are essential for understanding the issue at hand to hand. There will many terms not used in the proposed study. Vitamin C is the term used to describe the molecule of ascorbate. If ascorbic acid, ascorbate sodium or calcium, or Dehydroascorbate specifically mentioned or recommended, then these terms are used instead of vitamin C. Hence the different hormones and proteins that many appointed in the studio, often with their abbreviations. If a hormone or protein should be reduced throughout the study, initially created with your name complete, then the abbreviation since. A list of abbreviations and definitions is provided below.
AA arachidonic acid (precursor of prostaglandins)
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADD Attention Deficit Disorder
ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity —
Allergen Antigen
Blocker receptor antagonist
Presynaptic nerve terminal axon
BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Calcium Ca2 + ions
CaM calmodulin
CAM K Calmodulincinasa
Monophosphate CAMP adenosine
CNS Central Nervous System
CREB Camp Response Element Binding Protein
CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone
Copper Cu2 + ions
The intracellular fluid cytosol of a cell and most of the volume of a typical cell
DAG Diacylglycerol
Vitamin C is oxidized completely Dehydroascorbate
Dendrite postsynaptic nerve terminal
DGLA dihomo gamma linoleic acid
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin
Histamine H
Histamine histaminemia pressure is high and / or concentrations in tissues
HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
IFN Interferon
IgE, immunoglobulin E (anti-allergen)
IL-1b Interleukin -1 beta
IP3 inositol triphosphate
A protein kinase transfers a group phosphate to another protein or small molecule
Fat Fat
LTD long-term depression (neuronal activity)
LTP potentiation long-term (neural activity)
MAP2 Microtubule-associated protein 2
MRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
The cells NK Natural Killer Cells
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
Paracrine hormone acting locally
PLC Phospholipase C
PGE1 Prostaglandin E1
PGF2a prostaglandin GF2a
PIP2 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PKA, protein kinase A
PKC protein kinase C
PRL prolactin
S-SAM SAM
Synapse intracellular space between neurons
Th1 T-helper 1 immune response, immune response against microbes classical
Th2 T-helper 2 immune response, IgE classic "allergic" immune response against allergens
RNA Transcript is from a DNA template
Translation of the mRNA expression of proteins
Vitamin C ascorbic acid, ascorbate
Abstract:
The main problem in this thesis is whether vitamin C can significantly reduce histamine associated mental illness. Many nutritional supplements several have been successfully used in solving mental illness (Edelman, 1998). However, the literature shows no vitamin C and is used as a nutritional therapy for the main line of any mental illness. The antihistamine effect of vitamin C is not actually used in the past by the vast majority of professionals whether conventional or alternative. On the contrary, the fact that relatively small amounts of vitamin C can release histamine was used as the treatment of patients schizophrenics have abnormally low levels of histamine. Unfortunately, practitioners using this treatment does not use high doses of vitamin C treatment for schizophrenia with high levels of histamine. Presumably because they believed that additional doses of Vitamin C, histamine release in May, even more, and also may not have been aware of the effects of antihistamines of vitamin C in doses of several grams / day.
There is much evidence to support many interactions between the brain and the immune system. Quantity abnormal immune hormones can cause schizophrenia and depression symptoms (Heleniak & O'Desky and 1999, Hurwitz & Morgenstern, 2001). Among the hormones derived amino acid neurotransmitters and immunomodulators, histamine is by far the largest. He hypothesized that histamine is involved in mental illness (Pfeiffer, 1987) and has long shown that histamine is an important driver of immune abnormalities / overreaction (Haas, 1992). In accordance with previous data suggesting a genetic basis for schizophrenia, appears to be a genetic basis for some histamine related to schizophrenia (Brown, Stevens & Haas, 2001). A theory of schizophrenia is that the blood-brain barrier is compromised, allowing unwanted molecules in the brain. Histamine been shown to break the blood-brain barrier (Greenwood, 1991). In the last decade, much research has been done on stress related to the classic "fight or flight" response. Histamine was found to be the main sponsor of this morbid response (Johnston Retrum and Srilaskshmi, 1992).
Histamine may cause various disorders in humans and animals, and some of these abnormalities may be reversed by the pharmaceutical antihistamines (Lader and Scotto, 1998). Unfortunately, pharmaceutical antihistamines have several side effects, and more dangerous it can be fatal (Wilson, Shannon and Stang, 2000). Even the new generation of safer, second pharmaceutical antihistamines have their share of side effects (Wilson, Shannon and Stang, 2000). Since antihistamines second generation do not cross the blood-brain barrier in a significant degree, can not be used to treat mental illness. Vitamin C has potent antihistamine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier and has very mild side effects, if any. There is both anecdotal and epidemiological evidence that vitamin C improves Mental Health (Mark & Mark, 1989, Balch & Balch, 1997; Brody, 2002). It follows from the above information that supplements of vitamin C should be included in each treatment plan for mental illness.
About the Author
Dr. Jensen is both a consultant and author in the BioMedical and Nutrition fields. He has previously written a book on both topics, The Failures of American Medicine, published in 2002. Dr. Jensen has also written a doctoral dissertation on how Vitamin C can reduce stress and allergies via its antihistamine effect. He has worked in a broad range of BioMedical fields, such as gene regulation, cancer research, and HIV vaccine development. However, Dr. Jensen eventually decided that helping people more directly would be more rewarding for everyone involved. He has since helped clients with dozens of different ailments. Dr. Jensen is a practitioner in the field of Metabolic Typing, which characterizes different biochemistries among people based on certain physical and behavioral traits they have.
You can contact Dr. Jensen at 1-800-390-5365, or mail him at drjensen@individualizednutrition.com.



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